LUTEIN AND ZEAXANTHIN

References

REFERENCES

  1. Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. Third ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1999.
  2. Krinsky NI, Landrum JT, Bone RA. Biologic mechanisms of the protective role of lutein and zeaxanthin in the eye. Annu Rev Nutr. 2003; 23:171–201.
  3. Voorrips LE, Goldbohm RA, Brants HA, et al. A prospective cohort study on antioxidant and folate intake and male lung cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2000; 9(4):357–365.
  4. Mares-Perlman JA, Millen AE, Ficek TL, Hankinson SE. The body of evidence to support a protective role for lutein and zeaxanthin in delaying chronic disease. Overview. J Nutr. 2002; 132(3):518S–524S.
  5. Cho E, Seddon JM, Rosner B, Willett WC, Hankinson SE. Prospective study of intake of fruits, vegetables, vitamins, and carotenoids and risk of age-related maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004; 122(6):883–892.
  6. Flood V, Smith W, Wang JJ, Manzi F, Webb K, Mitchell P. Dietary antioxidant intake and incidence of early age-related maculopathy: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 2002; 109(12):2272–2278.
  7. Mares-Perlman JA, Klein R, Klein BE, et al. Association of zinc and antioxidant nutrients with age-related maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1996; 114(8):991–997.
  8. Mares-Perlman JA, Brady WE, Klein R, et al. Serum antioxidants and age-related macular degeneration in a population-based case-control study. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995; 113(12):1518–1523.
  9. Snellen EL, Verbeek AL, Van Den Hoogen GW, Cruysberg JR, Hoyng CB. Neovascular age-related macular degeneration and its relationship to antioxidant intake. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2002; 80(4):368–371.
  10. Mares-Perlman JA, Fisher AI, Klein R, et al. Lutein and zeaxanthin in the diet and serum and their relation to age-related maculopathy in the third national health and nutrition examination survey. Am J Epidemiol. 2001; 153(5):424–432.
  11. Seddon JM, Ajani UA, Sperduto RD, et al. Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration. Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group. JAMA. 1994; 272(18):1413–1420.
  12. Richer S, Stiles W, Statkute L, et al. Double-masked, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of lutein and antioxidant supplementation in the intervention of atrophic age-related macular degeneration: the Veterans LAST study (Lutein Antioxidant Supplementation Trial). Optometry. 2004; 75(4):216–230.
  13. Brown L, Rimm EB, Seddon JM, et al. A prospective study of carotenoid intake and risk of cataract extraction in US men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 70(4):517–524.
  14. Chasan-Taber L, Willett WC, Seddon JM, et al. A prospective study of carotenoid and vitamin A intakes and risk of cataract extraction in US women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 70(4):509–516.
  15. Lyle BJ, Mares-Perlman JA, Klein BE, Klein R, Greger JL. Antioxidant intake and risk of incident age-related nuclear cataracts in the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1999; 149(9):801–809.
  16. Moeller SM, Voland R, Tinker L, et al. Associations between age-related nuclear cataract and lutein and zeaxanthin in the diet and serum in the Carotenoids in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study, an Ancillary Study of the Women's Health Initiative. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008; 126(3):354–364.
  17. Dwyer, J.H., M. Navab, et al. Oxygenated carotenoid lutein and progression of early atherosclerosis: the Los Angeles atherosclerosis study. Circulation. 2001; 103(24):2922–7.
  18. Olmedilla B et al. Lutein in patients with cataracts and age-related macular degeneration: a long-term supplementation study. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2001; 81(9):904-909.
  19. Stringham JM and Hammond BR. Macular pigment and visual performance under glare conditions. Optometry and Vision Science. 2008; 85(2):82–88.
  20. Seddon JM et al. Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration. JAMA. 1994; 272:1413–20.
  21. National Eye Institute. Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2): A Multi-Center, Randomized Trial of Lutein, Zeaxanthin and Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (Docosahexaenoic Acid [DHA] and Eicosapentaenoic Acid [EPA]) in Age-Related Macular Degeneration (2006–2012).
  22. O’Neill ME et al. A European carotenoid database to assess carotenoid intakes and its use in a five-country comparative study. Br J Nutr. 2001; 85: 499–507.
  23. Garcia-Closas R et al. Dietary sources of vitamin C, vitamin E and specific carotenoids in Spain. Br J Nutr. 2004; 91:1005–11.
  24. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. 1997. Results from USDA’s 1994-96 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals and 1994-96. Diet and Health Knowledge Survey.
  25. Solomons NW. Vitamin A and carotenoids. In: Bowman BA, Russell RM, eds. Present Knowledge in Nutrition. 8th ed. Washington, D.C.: ILSI Press; 2001:127–145.
  26. Hendler SS, Rorvik DR, eds. PDR for Nutritional Supplements. Montvale: Medical Economics Company, Inc; 2001.
  27. Richer S et al. Double-masked, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of lutein and antioxidant supplementation in the intervention of atrophic age-related macular degeneration: The veterans LAST study (Lutein Antioxidant Supplementation Trial). Optometry. 2004; 75, 216–230
  28. Satia, Jessie A et al: Long-term Use of β-Carotene, Retinol, Lycopene, and Lutein Supplements and Lung Cancer Risk: Results From the VITamins And Lifestyle (VITAL) Study, Am J Epidemiol. 2009; 169(7):815–828.
  29. The AREDS2 Research Group. Lutein + Zeaxanthin and Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: The Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. Published online May 2013.
  30. Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group.  A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8.  Arch Ophthalmol. 2001; 119(10):1417-1436.
  31. The Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) Research Group, Chew EY, SanGiovanni J & et al: Lutein/zeaxanthin for the treatment of age-related cataract: Areds2 randomized trial report no. 4. JAMA Ophthalmol. 131, 843–850 (2013).
  32. Liu, X.-H. et al: Association between Lutein and Zeaxanthin Status and the Risk of Cataract: A Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 6, 452–465 (2014).
  33. Iribarren, C., Folsom, A. R., Jacobs, D. R., Gross, M. D., Belcher, J. D. & Eckfeldt, J. H. for the ARIC Study Investigators (1997): Associations of serum vitamin levels, LDL susceptibility to oxidation, and autoantibodies against MDA- LDL with carotid atherosclerosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 17: 1171–1177.
  34. Joshipura, K. J., Ascherio, A., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Rimm, E. B., Speizer, F. E., Hennekens, C. H., Spiegelman, D. & Willett, W. C. (1999): Fruit and vegetable intake in relation to risk of ischemic stroke. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 282: 1233–1239)
  35. Slattery ML  et al: Carotenoids and colon cancer. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Feb;71(2):575-82.
  36. Zhang S et al: Dietary carotenoids and vitamins A, C, and E and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999 Mar 17;91(6):547-56)
  37. Toniolo P et al : Serum carotenoids and breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 2001 Jun 15; 153(12):1142-7.
  38. Millen AE et al.: Diet and melanoma in a case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004 Jun;13(6):1042-51.
  39. Liu, R. et al. Lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation and association with visual function in age-related macular degeneration. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 56, 252–258 (2015).
  40. Hammond, B. R. et al: Double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on photostress recovery, glare disability, and chromatic contrast. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 55, 8583–8589 (2014)
  41. Stringham JM et al: Macular carotenoid supplementation improves disability glare performance and dynamics of photostress recovery. Eye Vis (Lond). 2016 Nov 11;3:30. eCollection 2016.
  42. Jaadane, I. et al. Retinal damage induced by commercial light emitting diodes (LEDs). Free Radic. Biol. Med. 84, 373–384 (2015) 
  43. Yagi, A. et al. The effect of lutein supplementation on visual fatigue: A psychophysiological analysis. Appl. Ergon. 40, 1047–1054 (2009)
  44. Bone, R. A. et al. Distribution of Lutein and Zeaxanthin Stereoisomers in the Human Retina. Exp. Eye Res. 64, 211–218 (1997)
  45. Khachik, F. et al. Identification, quantification, and relative concentrations of carotenoids and their metabolites in human milk and serum. Anal. Chem. 69, 1873–1881 (1997).
  46. Patton, S., Canfield, L. M., Huston, G. E., Ferris, A. M. & Jensen, R. G. Carotenoids of human colostrum. Lipids 25, 159–165 (1990).
  47. Chug-Ahuja, J. K. et al. The development and application of a carotenoid database for fruits, vegetables, and selected multicomponent foods. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 93, 318–323 (1993).
  48. Bortolotti, G. R. et al: Carotenoids in eggs and plasma of red-legged partridges: effects of diet and reproductive output. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. PBZ 76, 367–374 (2003).
  49. Johnson, E. J. et al: Intake of Lutein and Zeaxanthin Differ with Age, Sex, and Ethnicity. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 110, 1357–1362 (2010). 
  50. Amancio, R. D. & Silva, M. Consumo de carotenoides no Brasil: a contribuição da alimentação fora do domicílio. Segur. Aliment. E Nutr. Camp. 19, 130–141 (2012).
  51. Hosotani, K. & Kitagawa, M. Measurement of Individual Differences in Intake of Green and Yellow Vegetables and Carotenoids in Young Unmarried Subjects. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. (Tokyo) 53, 207–212 (2007).
  52. Song, X. & Wang, Z. Investigation on dietary carotenoid intake of adults. Chin. J. PUBLIC Health 23, 1378–1380 (2007).

Authored by Dr Peter Engel in 2010, reviewed and revised by Jonas Wittwer on 13.06.2017