Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Folic Acid. Dietary Reference Intakes: Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press; 1998:193–305.
Choi SW, Mason JB. Folate and carcinogenesis: an integrated scheme. J Nutr. 2000; 130(2):129–132.
Gerhard GT, Duell PB. Homocysteine and atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol. 1999; 10(5):417–428.
Honein et al. Impact of folic acid fortification of the US food supply on the occurrence of neural tube defects. JAMA, 2001; 285:2981–6.
Laurence KM, James N, Miller MH, Tennant GB, Campbell H. Double-blind randomized controlled trial of folate treatment before conception to prevent recurrence of neural-tube defects. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1981; 282(6275):1509–11.
Smithells RW, Nevin NC, Seller MJ, Sheppard S, Harris R, Read AP, et al. Further experience of vitamin supplementation for prevention of neural tube defect recurrences. Lancet 1983; 1(8332):1027–31.
Eskes TK. Open or closed? A world of difference: a history of homocysteine research. Nutr Rev. 1998; 56(8):236–244.
Medical Research Council Vitamin Study Research Group. Prevention of neural tube defects: results of the Medical Research Council Vitamin Study. Lancet 1991; 338(8760):131–7.
Scholl TO, Johnson WG. Folic acid: influence on the outcome of pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr, 2000; 71(5):1295–1303.
Boushey CJ, Beresford SA, Omenn GS, Motulsky AG. A quantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. Probable benefits of increasing folic acid intakes. JAMA. 1995; 274(13):1049–1057.
Malinow MR, Bostom AG, Krauss RM. Homocyst(e)ine, diet, and cardiovascular diseases: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee, American Heart Association. Circulation. 1999; 99(1):178–182.
Voutilainen S, Rissanen TH, Virtanen J, Lakka TA, Salonen JT. Low dietary folate intake is associated with an excess incidence of acute coronary events: The Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Circulation. 2001; 103(22):2674–2680.
Dose-dependent effects of folic acid on blood concentrations of homocysteine: a meta-analysis of the randomized trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005; 82(4):806–812.
Saposnik G. et al. Homocysteine-Lowering Therapy and Stroke Risk, Severity, and Disability: Additional Findings From the HOPE 2 Trial. Stroke, 2009; 40:1365.
Bazzano LA, Reynolds K, Holder KN, He J. Effect of folic acid supplementation on risk of cardiovascular diseases: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2006; 296(22):2720–2726.
Wang X. et al. Efficacy of folic acid supplementation in stroke prevention: a meta-analysis. The Lancet, 2007. 369 (9576):1876–1882.
Sanjoaquin MA, Allen N, Couto E, Roddam AW, Key TJ. Folate intake and colorectal cancer risk: a meta-analytical approach. Int J Cancer. 2005; 113(5):825–828.
Su LJ, Arab L. Nutritional status of folate and colon cancer risk: evidence from NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study. Ann Epidemiol. 2001; 11(1):65–72.
Terry P, Jain M, Miller AB, Howe GR, Rohan TE. Dietary intake of folic acid and colorectal cancer risk in a cohort of women. Int J Cancer. 2002; 97(6):864–867.
Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Ascherio A, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Alcohol, low-methionine--low-folate diets, and risk of colon cancer in men. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995; 87(4):265–273.
Cole BF, Baron JA, Sandler RS, et al. Folic acid for the prevention of colorectal adenomas: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2007; 297(21):2351–2359.
Kim YI. Does a high folate intake increase the risk of breast cancer? Nutr Rev. 2006; 64(10 Pt 1):468–475.
Rohan TE, Jain MG, Howe GR, Miller AB. Dietary folate consumption and breast cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000; 92(3):266–269.
Sellers TA, Kushi LH, Cerhan JR, et al. Dietary folate intake, alcohol, and risk of breast cancer in a prospective study of postmenopausal women. Epidemiology. 2001; 12(4):420–428.
Zhang S, Hunter DJ, Hankinson SE, et al. A prospective study of folate intake and the risk of breast cancer. JAMA. 1999; 281(17):1632-1637.
Weir DG, Molloy AM. Microvascular disease and dementia in the elderly: are they related to hyperhomocysteinemia? Am J Clin Nutr. 2000; 71(4):859–860.
Snowdon DA, Tully CL, Smith CD, Riley KP, Markesbery WR. Serum folate and the severity of atrophy of the neocortex in Alzheimer disease: findings from the Nun study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000; 71(4):993–998.
Luchsinger JA, Tang MX, Miller J, Green R, Mayeux R. Relation of higher folate intake to lower risk of Alzheimer disease in the elderly. Arch Neurol. 2007; 64(1):86–92.
Morris MC, Evans DA, Schneider JA, Tangney CC, Bienias JL, Aggarwal NT. Dietary folate and vitamins B-12 and B-6 not associated with incident Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2006; 9(4):435–443.
Morris MC, Evans DA, Bienias JL, et al. Dietary folate and vitamin B12 intake and cognitive decline among community-dwelling older persons. Arch Neurol. 2005; 62(4):641–645.
Wang HX, Wahlin A, Basun H, Fastbom J, Winblad B, Fratiglioni L. Vitamin B(12) and folate in relation to the development of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 2001; 56(9):1188–1194.
Seshadri S, Beiser A, Selhub J, et al. Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346(7):476–483.
Alpert JE, Mischoulon D, Nierenberg AA, Fava M. Nutrition and depression: focus on folate. Nutrition. 2000; 16:544–581.
Bailey LB. Dietary reference intakes for folate: the debut of dietary folate equivalents. Nutr Rev. 1998; 56(10):294–299.
Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food (31st Series), Nutrient and Energy Intakes for the European Community. 1993.
Bailey LB, Gregory JF, 3rd. Polymorphisms of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and other enzymes: metabolic significance, risks and impact on folate requirement. J Nutr. 1999; 129(5):919–922.
Kauwell GP, Wilsky CE, Cerda JJ, et al. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase mutation (677C-->T) negatively influences plasma homocysteine response to marginal folate intake in elderly women. Metabolism. 2000; 49(11):1440–1443.
De Bree A et al., Folate intake in Europe: recommended, actual and desired intake, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51 (1997) 643–660.
Nationale Verzehrsstudie II, 2008 (www.was-esse-ich.de), Max-Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany.
EC Scientific Committee on Food, Opinion of Scientific Committee on Food on the tolerable upper intake level of folate, European Commission 28.11.2000.
Gassin AL, Fortification and the European consumer: consumer awareness and attitudes to food fortification, Scandinavian Journal of Nutrition 43/4 (1999) 122–124.
McNulty H, Cuskelly GJ, Ward M. Response of red blood cell folate to intervention: implications for folate recommendations for the prevention of neural tube defects. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000; 71(5):1308–1311.
Spina bifida and anencephaly before and after folic acid mandate--United States, 1995-1996 and 1999-2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004; 53(17):362–365.
Mills JL, Signore C. Neural tube defect rates before and after food fortification with folic acid. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2004; 70(11):844–845.
Herbert V. Folic acid. In: Shils M, Olson JA, Shike M, Ross AC, eds. Nutrition in Health and Disease. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1999:433–446.
Hendler SS, Rorvik DR, eds. PDR for Nutritional Supplements. Montvale: Medical Economics Company, Inc; 2001.
Cole BF, Baron JA, Sandler RS, et al. Folic acid for the prevention of colorectal adenomas: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2007; 297(21): 2351–2359.
Figueiredo J. C.et al. Folic Acid and Risk of Prostate Cancer: Results From a Randomized Clinical Trial. 2009; 101:432–435.
Ebbing M et al, Cancer incidence and mortality after treatment with folic acid and vitamin B12. Jama, 2009; 302(19); 2119-2126
Drake BF and Colditz GA, Assessing cancer prevention studies - A matter of time. JAMA, 2009; 302(19); 2152-2126
European Food Safety Authority, Scientific Committee on Food. Tolerable Upper Intake Levels for Vitamins and Minerals. 2006: ISBN: 92-9199-014-0.
